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How 'Butcher of Tehran' Ebrahim Raisi oversaw the massacre of thousands in Iran, imposed brutal hijab crackdown and fervently moved country towards building nukes as Ayatollah's protégé dies in fiery chopper crash
Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi, a hard-line protégé of the country's supreme leader who helped oversee the mass executions of thousands in 1988 earning himself the nickname 'The Butcher of Tehran', has died aged 63.
Elected president in 2021, he went on to lead the country as it enriched uranium near weapons-grade levels and launched a major drone-and-missile attack on Israel.
Raisi's sudden death, along with Iran's foreign minister and other officials in the helicopter crash Sunday in northwestern Iran, came as Iran struggles with internal dissent and its relations with the wider world.
A cleric first, Raisi once kissed the Quran, the Islamic holy book, before the UN and spoke more like a preacher than a statesman when addressing the world.
But he gained notoriety after he was appointed Deputy prosecutor of Tehran in 1985 before going on to serve on the prosecution committee which - under the orders of then-Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini - sentenced thousands of political prisoners to death.
Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi (pictured May 19), a hard-line protégé of the country's supreme leader who helped oversee the mass executions of thousands in 1988 earning himself the nickname 'Butcher of Tehran', has died aged 63
Raisi was confirmed dead after rescuers found a helicopter carrying him and other officials that had crashed in the mountainous northwest reaches of Iran the day before. Drone footage was seen from the site of the crash early Monday morning.
The series of mass executions began on July 19, 1988 and lasted almost five months across 32 cities. Estimates of the number killed range between 2,500 and 30,000.
Raisi was one of four members of the commission, which later became known as the 'Death Committee', who were later identified by Amnesty International as having participated in the massacre.
The killings came after Iran's then-Supreme leader Ruhollah Khomeini accepted a UN-brokered cease-fire in 1988, ending an eight-year holy war against Iraq.
This prompted members of the Iranian opposition group Mujahedeen-e-Khalq, heavily armed by Saddam Hussein, to storm across the Iranian border from Iraq in a surprise attack. Iran blunted their assault.
The trials began around that time, with defendants asked to identify themselves.
Those who responded 'mujahedeen' were sent to their deaths, while others were questioned about their willingness to 'clear minefields for the army of the Islamic Republic,' according to a 1990 Amnesty International report.
While the majority of those killed were supporters of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MeK), supporters of leftist factions were also executed.
International rights groups estimate that as many as 5,000 people were executed, but some estimates suggest it was even higher - close to 30,000.
Raisi was defiant when asked at a news conference about his role in the 1988 executions following his 2021 election to president.
'I am proud of being a defender of human rights and of people's security and comfort as a prosecutor wherever I was,' Raisi said.
Born in Mashhad on December 14, 1960, Raisi was born into a family that traces its lineage to Islam's Prophet Muhammad, marked by the black turban he would later wear. Pictured: Raisi is seen as a young boy in this undated photograph
Raisi is seen as a younger man giving a speech in the 1980s
Raisi (centre) is seen as a younger man in Iran in the 1980s
Raisi is seen during his time as a judge in Iran
In this April 22, 2009 photo, Ebrahim Raisi attends a meeting of top prosecutors from Islamic countries, in Tehran, Iran
Raisi, who earlier lost a presidential election to the relatively moderate incumbent Hassan Rouhani in 2017, ended up coming to power in 2021 in a vote carefully managed by Khamenei to clear any major opposition candidates.
His arrival came after Rouhani's signature nuclear deal with world powers remained in tatters after then-President Donald Trump unilaterally withdrew America from the accord, setting in motion years of renewed tensions between Tehran and the US.
But while saying he wanted to rejoin the deal, Raisi's new administration instead pushed back against international inspections, in part over an ongoing suspected sabotage campaign carried out by Israel targeting its nuclear program.
Talks in Vienna at restoring the accord remained stalled in his government's first months. 'Sanctions are the US' new way of war with the nations of the world,' Raisi told the United Nations in September 2021.
He added: 'The policy of `maximum oppression' is still on. We want nothing more than what is rightfully ours.'
Mass protests swept the country in 2022 after the death of Mahsa Amini, a woman who had been detained over allegedly not wearing a hijab, or headscarf, to the liking of authorities.
The monthslong security crackdown that followed the demonstrations killed more than 500 people and more than 22,000 others were detained.
The mass executions were carried out after a ceasefire deal was agreed in 1988 between Iran and Iraq which brought an end to the eight-year conflict
The portraits of some of the victims of the 1988 massacre are seen placed in France in 2019
Since then, rights groups have reported that Iranian authorities have been working to crackdown on women who are in breach of the country's strict dress codes.
In March, a United Nations investigative panel found that Iran was responsible for the 'physical violence' that led to Amini's death.
Then came the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, in which Iranian-backed militias targeted Israel. Tehran launched an extraordinary attack itself on Israel in April, in which hundreds of drones, cruise missiles and ballistic missiles fired.
Israel, the U.S. and its allies shot down the projectiles, but it showed just how much the yearslong shadow war between Iran and Israel had boiled.
Khamenei appointed Raisi, a former Iranian attorney general, in 2016 to run the Imam Reza charity foundation, which manages a conglomerate of businesses and endowments in Iran.
It is one of many bonyads, or charitable foundations, fueled by donations or assets seized after Iran's 1979 Islamic Revolution.
These foundations offer no public accounting of their spending and answer only to Iran's supreme leader.
The Imam Reza charity, known as 'Astan-e Quds-e Razavi' in Farsi, is believed to be one of the biggest.
Analysts estimate its worth at tens of billions of dollars as it owns almost half the land in Mashhad, Iran's second-largest city.
At Raisi's appointment to the foundation, Khamenei called him a 'trustworthy person with high-profile experience.'
That led to analyst speculation that Khamenei could be grooming Raisi as a possible candidate to be Iran's third-ever supreme leader, a Shiite cleric who has final say on all state matters and serves as the country's commander-in-chief.
Though Raisi lost his 2017 campaign, he still garnered nearly 16 million votes.
Khamenei installed him as the head of Iran's internationally criticised judiciary, long known for its closed-door trials of human rights activists and those with Western ties.
Iranian president Ebrahim Raisi (left) was pictured moments before the helicopter crash near the border with Azerbaijan which killed him
Raisi was seen staring out of the window of the aircraft hours prior to the crash
The US Treasury in 2019 sanctioned Raisi 'for his administrative oversight over the executions of individuals who were juveniles at the time of their crime and the torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment of prisoners in Iran, including amputations.'
By 2021, Raisi became the dominant figure in the election after a panel under Khamenei disqualified candidates who posed the greatest challenge to his protege.
He swept nearly 62% of the 28.9 million votes in that vote, the lowest turnout by percentage in the Islamic Republic's history.
Millions stayed home and others voided ballots.
Born in Mashhad on Dec. 14, 1960, Raisi was born into a family that traces its lineage to Islam's Prophet Muhammad, marked by the black turban he would later wear.
His father died when he was 5. He would go onto the seminary in the Shiite holy city of Qom and later would describe himself as an ayatollah, a high-ranking Shiite cleric.
Raisi was killed on Sunday after a helicopter carrying him and other officials crashed in the mountainous northwest reaches of Iran.
He was confirmed dead by Iranian media today along with Foreign Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian; Governor of Eastern Azerbaijan province Malek Rahmati, Tabriz's Friday prayer Imam Mohammad Ali Alehashem as well as a pilot, copilot, crew chief, head of security and another bodyguard.
Grainy footage released by the IRNA early this morning showed what the state news agency described as the crash site. Soldiers speaking in the local Azeri language said: 'There it is, we found it.'
Rescuers were last night struggling to locate the Iranian president after the helicopter he was travelling in crashed in bad weather
Rescue vehicles taking part in the search for the crashed helicopter carrying President Raisi
State media claimed that allied Russia is sending a 50-man specialist mountain rescue unit to assist the search. The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations confirmed it in a Telegram post. Pictured: Raisi (centre) is seen with Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan (left) and Russian President Vladimir Putin (right) in July 2022
An Iranian official later said the search teams who located the wreckage found 'no sign of life'.
The nation's government held an 'urgent meeting' Monday, with Raisi's chair left vacant and covered in a black sash.
According to Iran's constitution, a new presidential election will need to be called within 50 days - but Raisi's death is sure to trigger a power struggle, with a variety of ambitious candidates now set to vie for power.
He is survived by his wife and two daughters.